Network Set-up flashcards

Microsoft Windows Server: the dominant choice where an organisation is already standardised on Microsoft technology, with tight Active Directory and Windows-client integration and a graphical management interface. Unix: long-established, known for stability in demanding, high-uptime environments, common in enterprise and legacy systems. Linux: open source and highly configurable, dominant for web servers and cloud infrastructure, with no per-server licensing cost.

Features: the built-in capabilities a platform offers out of the box, which roles are available and how mature they are. Functionality: how well it performs the specific roles the organisation actually needs, not how many features it lists. Suitability: how well it fits the organisation's existing skills, infrastructure and budget.

Very low storage but very high availability. Their data (address leases, name-to-address records) is small, but every device depends on them: without DHCP a device cannot get onto the network, and without DNS every service must be reached by a memorised address.

Combining: lower hardware cost (fewer physical servers), but a problem with one role, such as a crash or a heavy load, can affect the others on the same machine. Splitting: better performance and resilience, at the cost of more hardware to buy and manage.

Scope size = last address - first address + 1. Example: a scope from 192.168.5.10 to 192.168.5.200 holds 200 - 10 + 1 = 191 addresses. Last minus first alone undercounts by one.

1. Plan: what is moving, when, and the rollback plan. 2. Build and configure the new server or role in parallel, without live traffic. 3. Migrate data and settings, and validate that the new role behaves like the old one. 4. Cut over during a scheduled window, redirecting clients to the new role. 5. Monitor closely, keeping the old server available, unchanged, for a defined rollback period before decommissioning it.

Advantages: reduces broadcast traffic, improves security through segmentation, and makes address space easier to manage and allocate. Disadvantages: adds design and administrative complexity, and can waste addresses if subnets are sized larger than needed (the tradeoff VLSM exists to reduce).

A /29 holds 8 addresses, 6 usable after the network and broadcast addresses, which covers five servers with a little room to spare. A /24 gives 254 usable addresses, so giving it to five servers would waste almost the entire block.

Full: all selected data every time. Restore needs only that backup. Slowest and largest to perform. Incremental: only data changed since the last backup of any kind. Fastest to perform; restore needs the last full plus every incremental since, in order. Differential: all data changed since the last full backup. Restore needs the last full plus the latest differential.

A server's health and performance on an ongoing basis: resource usage, service availability and error logs. Its purpose is to catch problems, such as a disk filling up or a service repeatedly restarting, before they become outages.

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