CQP Intermediate Level
Management Principles, Leadership and Ethics flashcards
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What is the difference between efficiency and effectiveness, and which comes first?
Efficiency is doing things right: the ratio of output to input, a measure of resource use, not of value. Effectiveness is doing the right things: the degree to which objectives are achieved. Effectiveness comes first. Drucker: there is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all.
What are Katz's three managerial skills, and where in the hierarchy does each matter most?
Technical: proficiency in a specific field. Most important at first-line level. Human (interpersonal): working with, motivating and leading people. Important at every level. Conceptual: seeing the organisation as a whole and diagnosing complex situations. Most important at top level. The mix changes with level, not the total requirement.
What is the difference between Fayol's unity of command and unity of direction?
Unity of command: an employee receives orders from one superior only. It is about a person. Unity of direction: one head and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective. It is about a plan. A matrix structure breaches the first deliberately and must work hard to preserve the second.
What does PESTEL stand for, and what kind of environment does it analyse?
Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. It analyses the macro-environment: the broad forces affecting every organisation in an economy, which no single organisation can influence and all must respond to. Macro factors are absorbed (forecast, buffer, adapt); micro factors such as suppliers and customers can be influenced.
How is the minimax regret criterion applied to a payoff table?
1. For each state of nature, find the best payoff in that column. 2. Regret = that column's best payoff - this option's payoff. 3. Find each option's maximum regret. 4. Choose the option whose maximum regret is smallest. It suits a decision maker concerned with opportunity forgone, and it often selects a middle option that is never best and never disastrous.
What is Vroom's expectancy equation, and why does it matter which term has failed?
Motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence. Expectancy: effort leads to performance. Instrumentality: performance leads to the reward. Valence: the reward is valued. Because the terms are multiplied, a near-zero term gives near-zero motivation. Raising the bonus (valence) does nothing if the real failure is training (expectancy) or unpaid bonuses (instrumentality).
What are Kotter and Schlesinger's four causes of resistance to change, and the remedy matched to each?
Parochial self-interest: negotiation and agreement. Misunderstanding and lack of trust: education and communication, from someone trusted. Different assessment of the situation: participation and involvement, with willingness to change the plan. Low tolerance for change: facilitation and support (training, time, coaching).
How do Hersey and Blanchard match leadership style to follower readiness?
Telling (high task, low relationship): unable and unwilling. Selling (high task, high relationship): unable but willing. Participating (low task, high relationship): able but unwilling. Delegating (low task, low relationship): able and willing. Assess the followers first, then choose the style.
What are the three kinds of conflict of interest, and how is a conflict managed?
Actual: the private interest can presently influence the decision. Potential: it could do so in foreseeable circumstances. Perceived: a reasonable observer could believe it does. Perception alone damages confidence, so it must be disclosed too. Manage it by disclosing and recording, then avoiding, recusing, restricting or relinquishing. Disclosure alone manages nothing.
What are the main features of Kenya's Bribery Act, 2016?
It creates offences of giving and receiving a bribe, for private as well as public bodies. Private entities above a prescribed size must put in place procedures to prevent bribery, and an entity is liable for failing to prevent bribery by those associated with it. Failure to report bribery is itself an offence, so a person who knows of a bribe and stays silent commits one.
What are Mintzberg's ten managerial roles, grouped as he grouped them?
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What are Taylor's four principles of scientific management?
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What are the features of Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy, and its main criticisms?
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What did the Hawthorne studies find?
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What do McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y assume about people?
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In the systems approach, what are synergy, entropy and equifinality?
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What does the contingency approach hold, and who are its main contributors?
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What determines environmental uncertainty, and what does high uncertainty require?
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How does Simon's bounded rationality differ from the rational model of decision making?
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How do decisions under risk and under uncertainty differ, and what criteria apply under uncertainty?
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What is the sunk cost fallacy, and which related bias does it produce?
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Which two final stages of problem solving do organisations most often omit, and what does KS ISO 9001 require?
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What does SMART stand for, and what is management by objectives?
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What is the difference between standing plans and single-use plans?
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Why should planning premises be written down?
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What are the three elements of delegation, and which one can never be delegated away?
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How does span of control shape an organisation, and what suits a tall or a flat structure?
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a matrix structure?
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What is the difference between a job description and a person specification?
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What are Kirkpatrick's four levels of training evaluation?
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What do sections 41 and 45 of the Employment Act, 2007 require before an employee is terminated?
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What are French and Raven's five bases of power, and which survive a change of role?
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What are Herzberg's hygiene factors and motivators?
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What is the difference between content and process theories of motivation?
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What are feedforward, concurrent and feedback control?
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What did Deming call tampering, and why is it harmful?
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How can a control system produce behaviour contrary to the organisation's objectives?
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What are Bartlett and Ghoshal's four international strategies?
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What are the main types of political risk facing a firm operating abroad?
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What are Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and what caution applies to using them?
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What are Lewin's three stages of change, and what does force field analysis add?
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What are Kotter's eight steps for implementing change?
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How does transactional leadership differ from transformational leadership?
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What are Tuckman's stages of team development, and how should the leader's style change?
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What test of a right action does each main normative ethical framework apply?
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What is the difference between an ethical dilemma and a temptation?
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Why is corporate governance described as a response to an ethical risk?
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What do Articles 73, 75, 76 and 77 of the Constitution of Kenya require of state officers?
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When is external whistle-blowing ethically justified?
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What does Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver show about conflicts of interest?
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What responses can an organisation make to environmental uncertainty?
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Why is 'we have a large workforce' a weak entry in an internal analysis?
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Who makes up the micro-environment, and why do regulators such as KEBS and NEMA belong in it?
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Is management a science, an art or a profession?
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How do line, staff and project managers differ in their authority?
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How does an objective differ from a plan and from a policy?
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What is the difference between specific and directional plans, and when is a directional plan appropriate?
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What does Barnard's acceptance theory say about authority?
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What does 'structure follows strategy' (Chandler) mean for choosing an organisation structure?
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Which selection methods predict job performance best, and what does that mean for interviewing?
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What are the common errors in performance appraisal, and why must the appraisal be documented?
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How does corrective action differ from correction?
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What are the three levels of control, and what instruments are typical of each?
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How do the modes of international entry compare, and how can the choice of mode limit political risk?
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What is the difference between diversity and inclusion, and what does Article 27(8) of the Constitution require?
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What does the ADKAR model say, and why is it useful?
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Why does performance dip at the start of a change, and how should a manager respond?
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How does Kotter distinguish management from leadership?
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What does Fiedler's contingency model prescribe, and why?
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How does Alderfer's ERG theory differ from Maslow's hierarchy, and why can a promotion freeze produce pay disputes?
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What practical tests can be applied to each option when working an ethical dilemma?
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What did Matemu v Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance decide about judging integrity?
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